- Define Your Investment Objectives and Timeline
The first step in the decision-making process is revisiting your original investment goals and assessing whether they’ve been met or if they’ve shifted. Are you seeking to maximize cash flow, realize capital gains, reduce risk, or simplify your portfolio? Your objectives will shape your exit strategy.
- Short-Term Goals (1-5 Years): If you’re a value-add investor, you might have purchased an underperforming office building in Phoenix, Arizona, with the goal of increasing occupancy and rents. For example, suppose you bought a 50,000-square-foot office building for $5 million, invested $500,000 in renovations, and raised the net operating income (NOI) from $300,000 to $450,000 annually. At a 6% cap rate, the property’s value increases to $7.5 million ($450,000 ÷ 0.06). After 3 years, you might decide to sell to lock in the $2 million gain.
- Long-Term Goals (10+ Years): If you’re a long-term holder, you might prioritize steady cash flow and tax benefits. For instance, a family office owning a retail center in Scottsdale might plan to hold the property for 20 years, benefiting from consistent rental income and depreciation deductions, before passing it to heirs.
Consideration: The length of ownership directly impacts your exit strategy. Short-term holds often aim for quick appreciation, while longer holds benefit from compounding cash flow and tax strategies like depreciation.
- Evaluate Depreciation and Its Tax Implications
Depreciation is a non-cash deduction that allows you to write off the cost of a commercial property over its useful life—typically 39 years for commercial buildings, as per IRS guidelines. However, it plays a significant role in your exit strategy due to depreciation recapture.
How Depreciation Works: Suppose you purchased a commercial office building in Tucson for $10 million, with $8 million allocated to the building (land isn’t depreciable). Using straight-line depreciation over 39 years, you deduct $205,128 annually ($8 million ÷ 39). After 10 years, you’ve claimed $2,051,280 in depreciation, reducing your taxable income each year.
Depreciation Recapture on Exit: When you sell, the IRS “recaptures” the depreciation you’ve claimed, taxing it at a rate of up to 25%. In the Tucson example, if you sell the property for $12 million after 10 years, the $2,051,280 in depreciation is taxed at 25%, resulting in a $512,820 tax bill. The remaining gain ($2 million – $2,051,280 = -$51,280) is taxed at capital gains rates (typically 15% or 20% depending on your income).
Decision Impact: High depreciation recapture can reduce your net proceeds, making a sale less attractive. To mitigate this, you might consider a 1031 exchange to defer taxes by reinvesting proceeds into a like-kind property.
Real-World Example: A CRE investor in Phoenix owned a warehouse for 15 years, claiming $1.5 million in depreciation. When selling for $15 million (a $5 million gain), they faced a $375,000 recapture tax. Instead of selling outright, they used a 1031 exchange to acquire a new industrial property in Tempe, deferring the tax and continuing to build wealth.
- Leverage Cost Segregation for Accelerated Depreciation
Cost segregation is a tax strategy that accelerates depreciation by reclassifying certain building components (e.g., HVAC systems, lighting, or landscaping) into shorter depreciation periods—5, 7, or 15 years—instead of the standard 39 years.
How It Works: In the Tucson office building example, a cost segregation study might identify $2 million of the $8 million building cost as personal property (e.g., carpeting, fixtures) depreciable over 5 years at 200% declining balance, and $1 million as land improvements (e.g., parking lot) depreciable over 15 years at 150% declining balance. This could allow you to deduct $600,000 in the first year alone, compared to $205,128 with straight-line depreciation.
Impact on Exit: While cost segregation boosts early cash flow by reducing taxable income, it also increases depreciation recapture upon sale. In the above example, if you sell after 5 years, you might have deducted $1.5 million through cost segregation (vs. $1,025,640 with straight-line), leading to a higher recapture tax of $375,000 (vs. $256,410).
Decision Impact: Cost segregation is ideal if you plan to hold the property long-term or use a 1031 exchange, as it maximizes early tax savings. However, if you anticipate a near-term sale, the increased recapture tax might offset the benefits.
Real-World Example: A hotel owner in Flagstaff conducted a cost segregation study on a $20 million property, reclassifying $5 million into shorter depreciation periods. This generated $1.8 million in deductions in the first year, saving $630,000 in taxes at a 35% rate. They used the savings to fund renovations, increasing NOI, but planned a 1031 exchange to defer the recapture tax upon exit.
- Assess Interest Rates and Financing Costs
Interest rates significantly influence your exit strategy, as they affect both the cost of holding the property and the market value at sale.
Impact on Holding Costs: If you financed the Tucson office building with a $6 million loan at 4% interest, your annual interest cost is $240,000. If rates rise to 6% at the time of refinancing or sale, a new buyer’s borrowing cost increases to $360,000 annually, potentially reducing what they’re willing to pay due to lower cash flow.
Impact on Property Value: Commercial properties are often valued using the cap rate, which can rise with interest rates. If the market cap rate increases from 6% to 7% due to higher rates, the Tucson property’s value drops from $7.5 million ($450,000 NOI ÷ 0.06) to $6.4 million ($450,000 ÷ 0.07), even if NOI remains constant.
Refinancing as an Alternative: If rates are low, refinancing can be a better exit than selling. For example, if you’ve paid down the $6 million loan to $5 million after 5 years and rates drop to 3%, you could refinance, pull out $1 million in tax-free cash, and continue holding the property.
Real-World Example: In 2022, a CRE investor in Mesa held a retail center with a $3 million loan at 5%. By 2023, rates spiked to 7%, reducing buyer demand and property value. Instead of selling at a loss, they held the property, waiting for rates to stabilize, and focused on increasing NOI through tenant improvements.
- Consider Length of Ownership
The duration of your ownership affects both your financial returns and tax strategy.
Short-Term Ownership (1-5 Years): Shorter holds are common for value-add strategies. In the Phoenix office building example, after 3 years, you’ve increased the value by $2 million but only claimed $615,384 in depreciation ($205,128 × 3). The recapture tax is lower ($153,846), but you may not have maximized cash flow or tax benefits.
Long-Term Ownership (10+ Years): Longer holds allow you to benefit from appreciation, steady cash flow, and cumulative depreciation. After 15 years in the Tucson example, you’ve deducted $3,076,920 in depreciation, significantly reducing taxable income over time. However, the recapture tax upon sale is higher ($769,230).
Decision Impact: Longer ownership often favors strategies like holding for cash flow or passing the property to heirs (see step-up opportunities below). Shorter ownership aligns with selling or 1031 exchanges to capture gains quickly.
Real-World Example: A long-term investor in Chandler held an industrial park for 20 years, claiming $4 million in depreciation. Facing a $1 million recapture tax upon sale, they opted to hold until passing the property to heirs, leveraging a step-up in basis to avoid taxes.
- Explore Step-Up Opportunities
A step-up in basis occurs when a property is inherited, resetting its tax basis to the fair market value at the time of the owner’s death, eliminating capital gains and depreciation recapture taxes for heirs.
How It Works: In the Chandler industrial park example, the property’s original basis was $10 million, reduced to $6 million after $4 million in depreciation. If sold, the heirs would face a $1 million recapture tax plus capital gains on the appreciation. However, if the property is worth $20 million at the owner’s death, the basis steps up to $20 million. The heirs can sell immediately for $20 million with no taxable gain.
Decision Impact: If you’re nearing retirement or estate planning, holding the property until death can be a powerful exit strategy, especially for family-owned CRE portfolios. This avoids the tax burden of depreciation recapture and capital gains.
Real-World Example: A family office in Scottsdale owned a shopping center for 30 years, with a basis of $5 million after depreciation. Valued at $25 million at the owner’s death in 2024, the heirs inherited it with a stepped-up basis of $25 million, sold it, and paid no taxes on the $20 million gain.
- Consider Repositioning the Asset
Repositioning involves changing the property’s use, tenant mix, or operational strategy to increase value, often as an alternative to selling.
How It Works: Suppose you own an older office building in downtown Phoenix with high vacancy due to remote work trends. Instead of selling at a loss, you reposition it into a mixed-use property with coworking spaces, retail, and residential units. This could increase NOI from $200,000 to $400,000 annually, boosting the value from $3.3 million (at a 6% cap rate) to $6.7 million.
Tax Benefits: Repositioning allows you to continue claiming depreciation on the original building while depreciating new improvements (e.g., leasehold improvements over 15 years). It also delays the sale, deferring recapture taxes.
Decision Impact: Repositioning is ideal if market conditions are unfavorable for selling or if you believe the property has untapped potential. It requires capital and expertise but can significantly enhance returns.
Real-World Example: In 2020, a CRE investor in Tempe owned a struggling retail center. Instead of selling during the pandemic, they repositioned it into a medical office complex, capitalizing on healthcare demand. By 2023, the NOI doubled, and the property’s value increased by 50%, allowing them to refinance and pull out $2 million tax-free.
- Analyze Market Conditions and Exit Options
Market conditions, including cap rates, buyer demand, and economic trends, play a critical role in your exit decision.
Selling: If cap rates are low (e.g., 5%), your property’s value is higher, making it a good time to sell. In the Tucson example, a 5% cap rate values the property at $9 million ($450,000 ÷ 0.05), compared to $7.5 million at 6%.
1031 Exchange: If you want to defer taxes, a 1031 exchange lets you swap the property for another of equal or greater value. You have 45 days to identify a replacement property and 180 days to close. For example, you might sell the Tucson property and buy a larger office building in Mesa, deferring the $512,820 recapture tax and $300,000 capital gains tax.
Refinancing: If you’ve built equity and rates are favorable, refinancing can provide liquidity without selling. In the Phoenix example, if the property is worth $7.5 million after 5 years, you could refinance at 70% LTV, pulling out $5.25 million, paying off the $5 million loan, and netting $250,000 tax-free.
Hold and Pass to Heirs: As mentioned, holding until death leverages the step-up in basis, especially if you’ve claimed significant depreciation.
Real-World Example: In 2024, a CRE investor in Glendale faced a buyer’s market with high cap rates (8%). Instead of selling their $10 million office building at a reduced value ($5 million NOI ÷ 0.08 = $6.25 million), they conducted a 1031 exchange into a triple-net-leased property with a national tenant, deferring taxes and securing stable cash flow.
- Calculate Net Proceeds and Tax Impact
Before finalizing your exit, calculate your net proceeds after taxes, fees, and loan payoffs.
Example Calculation (Tucson Office Building):
Sale Price: $12 million
Loan Payoff: $5 million (after 10 years)
Selling Costs (3%): $360,000
Depreciation Recapture Tax: $512,820
Capital Gains Tax (15% on remaining gain): $300,000
Net Proceeds: $12 million – $5 million – $360,000 – $512,820 – $300,000 = $5,827,180
Decision Impact: If the net proceeds don’t meet your financial goals, consider alternatives like refinancing or repositioning. If they do, a sale might be the best option, especially if market conditions are favorable.
- Consult Professionals and Finalize the Exit
Engage a tax advisor, CPA, and commercial real estate broker to ensure your exit aligns with your financial and tax goals. They can help navigate complex tax strategies like cost segregation, 1031 exchanges, or estate planning for step-up opportunities.
Real-World Example: A Phoenix investor planning to sell a $15 million industrial property consulted a CPA who recommended a cost segregation study to maximize deductions before a 1031 exchange. The study saved $500,000 in taxes over 3 years, which they reinvested into a larger property, deferring $1.2 million in taxes.
Summary of Key Considerations
Depreciation: Reduces taxable income but increases recapture tax upon sale. Mitigate with a 1031 exchange or step-up in basis.
Cost Segregation: Accelerates depreciation for early tax savings but increases recapture. Best for long-term holds or 1031 exchanges.
Interest Rates: Higher rates can lower property values and buyer demand, making holding or refinancing more attractive.
Length of Ownership: Longer holds maximize depreciation and cash flow but increase recapture tax. Shorter holds focus on quick gains.
Step-Up Opportunities: Holding until death eliminates taxes for heirs via a stepped-up basis.
Repositioning: Enhances value and delays sale, ideal for unfavorable markets or untapped potential.
By weighing these factors, you can choose an exit strategy that maximizes returns, minimizes taxes, and aligns with your long-term goals in the dynamic CRE market of Arizona or beyond.
